Question 17 Will you acquaint us about the cause of the gravity of the sun? For when a famous follower of Newton: Lord Kelvin, was asked: “What is the true cause of the gravity?” he replied: “No scientist can claim that he knows the secret about the cause of the gravity; we are completely ignorant about that; we actually know nothing about it.”

Answer: With God’s help, I shall answer and explain the secret [cause] of the gravity. That is what my Lord has taught me of the Scripture [: the Book] and the wisdom; His surplus on me has been tremendous.

Know, then, that the cause of the gravity is the heat,

and the cause of the heat is the movement.

This may be explained by this test:

Take a large piece of amber or sandarac [or plastic] or other things with similar properties, and start to rub it continuously with a piece of wool, you will find that it has become hot because of the successive movements, then put it on a small piece of straw, you will see that piece attract the straw; because that piece [of amber or plastic] has got a gravitational force, because of the heat obtained from the rubbing.

Therefore, the movement of the particles in the core of the earth causes the heat and the gravity, and leads to the rotation of the earth around its axis.

So every hot object has gravity, and every cold object has no gravity. Therefore, if two objects: one is hot, and the other is cold, there will be gravitation between them; because the hot object attracts the cold one.

If there are two cold objects, then no gravitation will be between them.

Also, if there are two objects equal in heat, then there will be no gravitation between them.

But if one of them is hot while the other is less than it in heat, then the hotter object will attract the object having less heat.

Then because the sun is a flaming object, it started to attract what objects were around it that had lesser amount of heat, i.e. the planets.

As such was the earth; because of its hot core, it started to attract what objects were around it, i.e. the moon and the meteorites.

In this respect, the other planets: having a hot core like that of the earth, they started to attract the cold objects round about them, i.e. the moons and the meteorites.

Therefore, the sun is an attracting object because it is a flaming one, and the planets are attracted, because they are lesser than the sun in heat and smaller than it in volume [and mass.]

As such will the celestial objects be: any hot object is attracting, and any cold object is attracted.

[N.B.: The late Mohammed-Ali Hassan Al-Hilly, the interpreter of the Quran and the Bible, did not graduate at any school or college; he did not study Astronomy, Chemistry, Physics and other sciences; he only could read and write Arabic; but he was a man inspired of God.]

Proving that the Gravity Is Because of the Heat

To prove that which we have just said, we mention this experiment:

1- Take a pot, put some water in it and heat it till boiling, then pour the water into another pot containing cold water. Put your hand into it and you will find the hot water rising above the cold water; that is because the gravity [of the earth] influences the cold more than the hot object.

2- Boil the water until it starts to evaporate, and watch the vapor, how it will rise upwards. Then think about the rain, and how it falls down to the ground; we all know that the vapor and the rain are water particles floating in the air, so why does the first rise upwards and the latter fall down to the ground? The answer: That is because the first is hot and the latter is cold; because the gravity influences the cold more than the hot object.

3- Observe the flame of the fire, and how it goes upwards, as does the smoke go upwards; because it is hot, but when it becomes cold, it will start to stick to the walls, then it will fall as fine black particles.

4- We, all, know that mercury is a metal heavier than iron, but when you start heating it until it reaches to

357° C, it will be converted, after boiling, into vapor that will also ascend upwards, and when it gets cold, it will again come down to the ground.

Therefore, all these experiments and observations indicate that the gravity influences the cold object in particular.

The Repelling Force

Question 18 If it is true that the sun is attracting by its gravitational force, and the planets are attracted to it, then it must attract them till they will stick [and unite with] it, then what is the cause of the distance that we see between the sun and the planets?

Answer: Know that every flaming object is stationary in its place, but it rotates around its axis because of its central heat; its rotation is from right to left. While every cold object does not rotate around its axis, because there is no heat inside it that causes its movement, but merely it circles around the object to which it is attracted by gravity; and its circling is also from right to left; because the attracting object is rotating in this way.

E.g. Moon does not rotate around its axis; because it is a cold object, but it circles around the Earth because it is attracted to the Earth by the gravity.

Moreover, the Sun is relatively stationary in its place, but it rotates around its axis; and because of this rotation, another force issues, which is called the ‘Repelling Force’.

The Repelling Force: As much as the attracting object increases its speed of rotation, the more the objects attracted to it will increase their distance from it. And the more this speed of rotation decreases, the more the attracted object will get near to it. Suppose that the attracting object stops its rotation around its axis, then the attracted object will approach it until it sticks [and unites] with it, on condition that it should not be without heat; because the object will not stop its rotation around itself unless the heat in its core will finish.

In summary, the distance of the planets away from the sun is because of the spinning of the sun around its axis. The example of that is the ‘Roundabout’ (or the ‘Merry-go-round’) which children ride for amusement and playing at fairs and festivals: [See the diagram below]: You will see the ‘roundabout’ as much as it gets quicker in its rotation, the seats on which the children sit will get away from the axis of the roundabout, and spread in the space; and as much as its speed will be less, the seats will approach each other until they get nearer to the axis.

Diagram 2

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The above diagram represents a drawing of the ‘Roundabout’, with which children play at fairs and festivals; where you see that as much as the ‘round about’ gets quicker in its speed of rotation, the seats – on which the children are seated – will get away from the axis of the roundabout and vice versa.

So this is the reason for the distance of the planets away from the sun.

While the second reason for that is that as much as the attracted object is cold, the gravity will affect it more, so it will get near to the attracting object by gravity and vice versa.

The Movement of Objects

The attracted object is not identical in its movement with the movement of the attracting object; actually, the movement of the attracting object around its axis is quicker than the movement of the attracted object around the attracting one.

[He means: the number of spinnings of the attracting object around itself is more than the number of circlings of the attracted object around the attracting one.]

E.g. the sun is attracting, and the earth is attracted to it, and here we see the sun complete its spinning around itself in 25 days and 5 hours, while the earth completes its orbiting around the sun in 365 days; we can relate that by about 1: 14, i.e. one orbiting of the earth around the sun, while the sun completes fourteen spinnings around itself.

Another example is: the Moon completes its orbiting around the earth once every month while the earth completes its spinning around itself in a period of 24 hours, i.e. in a ratio of about 1: 30, i.e. one orbiting of the Moon around the earth for thirty spinnings of the earth around itself.

Therefore, from this explanation, it is obvious that the spinning of the attracting object around itself is quicker than the revolution of the attracted object around the attracting one. And it is not possible to calculate exactly the movements of all the celestial objects; for there are small and big, hot and cold objects; therefore, the speeds of movement of these objects are different.

E.g. the smallest of our planets is the planet Mercury, which completes its circling around the sun in a period of 88 days, and the ratio of its movement is one circling for Mercury to nearly about three spinnings of the sun around its axis.

Question 19 If it is true that the gravitational force influences the cold object more than it influences the hot one, then why is the circling of the Moon around the Earth once for thirty spinnings of the Earth around itself; in spite of that the Moon is a cold object; while Mercury, being a hot object and in spite of this, it completes one revolution around the sun for every three spinnings of the sun around itself?

Answer: The gravity of the Earth is not more than about one hundredth that of the sun; because this latter is a flaming and very hot object, and it is large in size, whereas the Earth is a small object, compared to the Sun. Moreover, the Earth has a cold surface, but its core is hot. In addition to that, the ratio of the Moon to the Earth is not like the ratio of Mercury to the Sun; for astronomers have estimated the size of the Sun to be more than one million times that of the Earth; then how about Mercury which is smaller than the Earth by about two thirds, while the Moon is larger in relation to the Earth. Actually, its size is 1/50 that of the Earth. For this reason, its attraction by the Earth is heavier [or harder], so the Earth cannot pull the Moon around it except once for every thirty spinnings of the Earth around itself.

The Reason for the Revolution of the Planets around the Sun

Question We have just known the cause of the distance of the planets from the Sun, then what is the reason for their revolution around the sun?

Answer: We have just said that every hot object is attractive, and that it rotates around itself; and because it is a flaming object, the sun started rotating around itself, and attracting the planets; for they are less than it in heat and smaller in size; and because the sun rotates around itself and attracts the planets, it started to drag them to revolve around it. Therefore, the circling of the planets around the sun is the result of the rotation of the sun around itself.

Now, suppose that the sun stops its rotation, then the planets will stop their revolution too, and moreover, they will approach the sun until they will stick to it. This is what I have explained; it is some of what my Lord has taught me; while the well-known American writer Arthur Brisbane said: “We have discovered that the Earth revolves around the Sun, but even the greatest scientist has to admit he is unable to discover the reason for its revolution!”

To the reader, I shall list the duration of each planet to complete its revolution around the Sun, from the book of (Al- Jawahir) – [which is a book, in Arabic language, concerned with the interpretation of the Quran, written by the late sheikh Tantawi Jawhari 1870-1940 AD]:

The Planet	Its Year
Mercury	088 days
Venus	225 days
Earth	365 days
Mars	687 days
Jupiter	4333 days
Saturn	10759 days
Uranus	30687 days
Neptune	60127 days

Why the planets take different time to orbit the sun

Question 20 Then what is the reason for the variation in the duration taken by each planet to complete its circling around the sun; for we see Mercury complete its circling around the sun in 88 days, while Neptune complete it in 60127 days?

Answer: The cause of such thing is the distance of the planet from the sun: either it is near to it or far away from it; so that every object near to the sun will complete its circling in a short period, and every object far from the sun will complete it in a long duration.

Why the planet is near or far from the sun

Question 21 What is the reason that one object will get nearer and another may get farther? And if the sun is attracting by its gravity and the planets are attracted, then they should be equal in their distances from the sun!

Answer: That is because of two factors:

The first: is the variation of the planets in volume; because some of them are smaller than the Earth, and the smaller the planet is, the nearer it will be to the sun; and the larger it is the farthest it will be from the sun.

The second: is the heat; so that the colder the planet is, the nearer it will be to the sun; because the gravity influences it more. And the more hot the planet is the farthest from the sun will it be; because the gravity does not influence it except very little.

This is an experiment to prove my words: Take three balls of wood, different in volume, and tie each one by an elastic thread, and let the threads be equal in size and elasticity, then tie the other end of each thread to a ring, and put these rings in your index finger, and move your hand in a way that makes the balls revolve around your index finger, and go on moving your hand, then you will see the large ball start to get farther from your index finger, while the smaller will be the nearest to your finger, but the medium ball will be middle in its distance, and on this basis the planet will be nearer or farther from the sun.

DIAGRAM 3

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The Repelling Force pushes away the big object more than the small object

The Reason for the Rotation of the Earth around Itself

Question 22 Then what is the reason for the Earth to spin around itself?

Answer: We said, in the preceding lines, that every hot object rotates around itself, and its rotation is because of the heat present in its core, and because of the gases that emerge from it. Therefore, even though the Earth surface is cold, its core is still very hot, so the spinning of the Earth around itself is because of the heat in its core and the movement of its internal particles. The rest of the planets are similar to the Earth in this respect. The Earth will stop its rotation, if this heat finishes, exactly as did the Moon stop its rotation around itself. An example of that: an electric lamp on which there is a view of a fish swimming in the water, and this view revolves around the lamp.

Question 23 Is heat the only cause of the rotation of the object around itself, or is there another reason for that?

Answer: The heat is only a secondary cause, while the chief cause is the circulation or revolution of the particles around the nucleus; because celestial objects are composed of a nucleus and particles that circulate around it in great speed; and this will produce a tremendous heat; so it will inflame and become a spiral nebula, then a star, then a sun, and when its life ends it becomes an earth. Therefore, the heat present in the celestial objects is the result of the circulation of particles around the nucleus in great speed, exactly as is the heat in the human body the result of its blood circulation.

Question 24 The rotation of cosmic objects around themselves; is it because of the circulation of particles around the nucleus, or because of the heat?

Answer: Heat is the distinguishing mark of celestial objects; so that we can consider every hot object is alive, and we can assert that it rotates around itself.

However, the life of objects is the circulation of their particles around the nucleus; whereas death of objects is the cessation of their particles from circulation around the nucleus. E.g. the human body in which the presence of heat indicates that he is alive; the cause of this heat is the blood circulation inside it. While coldness of the human body indicates his death, and the reason of such coldness is the cessation of the blood circulation. Therefore, the celestial objects which die: they become cold at first, and then they may be called ‘dead’, inanimate or non-living: like the stone, the iron, the wood … etc.

Moons and Their Formation

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Moon surface

(from NASA)

Moon is an earthy and stony piece that was previously detached from our Earth; as such were the moons of the planets detached from those planets.

That is because – as it has been explained – when the earth [which was a sun] broke up, it became nine pieces, which started to revolve around a new sun, which is our present sun.

Each planet started to rotate around itself; and because those pieces were not spherical, but had projections, those projections and prominences started to detach from the planets because of their rotation around themselves, and to get away from the planets, so that those prominences became as moons of the planets.

God – be exalted – said in the Quran 13: 41

أَوَلَمْ يَرَوْاْ أَنَّا نَأْتِي الأَرْضَ نَنقُصُهَا مِنْ أَطْرَافِهَا وَاللّهُ يَحْكُمُ لاَ مُعَقِّبَ لِحُكْمِهِ وَهُوَ سَرِيعُ الْحِسَابِ

I.e. (See they^{^[1]} not that We come to the earth and reduce it from its edges? God judges and there is none to change His judgment: and He is Swift in punishment.)

>> (reduce it from its edges) means: We detach their edges or prominences from them, in order that they will be spherical and those edges will become the moons which will shine for them.

God – be exalted – said also in the Quran 21: 44

أَفَلَا يَرَوْنَ أَنَّا نَأْتِي الْأَرْضَ نَنقُصُهَا مِنْ أَطْرَافِهَا أَفَهُمُ الْغَالِبُونَ

I.e. (See they not that We come to the earth and reduce it from its edges? Is it then they who will overcome [Our apostle?])

The interpretation: We decreased its mass in the past by breaking it up into nine pieces, then We reduced them from their edges, in order that the moon shines for them, and We are going to decrease them furthermore in the future by breaking them up, so that We make them as meteorites.

In addition to this, God – be exalted – said in the Quran 86: 12

وَالْأَرْضِ ذَاتِ الصَّدْعِ

I.e. (And the earth that [shall] break up.)

The interpretation: Its characteristic is the cracking and splitting; because it cracked and split in the past, and it will crack and split furthermore in the future.

God – be exalted – said in the Quran 32: 4

اللَّهُ الَّذِي خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ وَمَا بَيْنَهُمَا فِي سِتَّةِ أَيَّامٍ ...الخ

I.e. (It is God Who created the heavens and the earth and what [moons] are between them in six [of the] days [of the Next Life] …etc.)

>> (what is between them) means: the moons and the meteorites; because their position is between the planets.

Question 25 Are there, in the universe, moons other than our Moon?

Answer: Most of the planets have moons, and astronomers discovered eight moons for Uranus, nine for Saturn, twelve for Jupiter, two for Mars while Neptune has only one moon. [Later they calculated sixteen satellites for Jupiter; more satellites were discovered for Saturn; they calculated sixteen satellites for Uranus; and eight satellites for Neptune in addition to Pluto as a moon of Neptune. – The translator. ]

Question 26 Why can’t we see these moons?

Answer: Because of their far distance from us, and because of their small volume.

Question 27 We know that the Moon was detached from the Earth, as we can prove that from His saying – be glorified – in the Quran 13: 41

أَوَلَمْ يَرَوْاْ أَنَّا نَأْتِي الأَرْضَ نَنقُصُهَا مِنْ أَطْرَافِهَا

I.e. (See they not that We come to the earth and reduce it [or them] from its [or their] edges?)

Then why did He say

مِنْ أطْرافِها

i.e. (from its [or their] edges) in plural? And why didn’t He – be exalted – say: ‘from its edge’ in singular?

Answer: We said that if the ‘earth’ is mentioned alone, without mentioning the ‘heavens’, and if there is no ‘and’ between them; then He – be exalted – means by the ‘earth’: all of them, i.e. all the planets; so (reduce them from their edges) means: We reduce Mars by detaching from it its two moons, and We reduce Jupiter by detaching from it its moons, and reduce Saturn by detaching from it its moons, and as such are the rest of the planets.

The interpretation: We reduce each planet of its edges; in order that the planet will be spherical; and the edges will be the moons that will shine for the inhabitants of that planet.

Question 28 God – be highly exalted – said in the Quran 36: 39

لَا الشَّمْسُ يَنبَغِي لَهَا أَن تُدْرِكَ الْقَمَرَ وَلَا اللَّيْلُ سَابِقُ النَّهَارِ وَكُلٌّ فِي فَلَكٍ يَسْبَحُونَ

I.e. (It is not for the sun to overtake the moon, neither does the night outstrip the day; but each [of the sun, the moon and the earth with its night and day] is swimming along into a [specific] orbit.)

What is the meaning of (It is not for the sun to overtake the moon)?

Answer: God – be exalted – tells us that the sun, even though it is so big and so hot, and even though it is an attracting object; and the Moon: even though it is so small, devoid of heat and being an attracted object; in spite of these conditions, the sun cannot overtake the moon, and pull the moon to itself; that is because of its being far away from the sun and being nearer to the earth. All of that has only been possible with Our wisdom and by Our will.

Appearances of the Moon

The Moon is a stony object, spherical in shape; its core is cold, but only its face which is in front of the sun is hot. For this reason, it does not rotate around its axis like the earth, but it revolves around the earth once monthly.

God – be glorified – said in the Quran 31: 16, telling about Luqman’s (Tobias’) exhortation to his son:

يَا بُنَيَّ إِنَّهَا إِن تَكُ مِثْقَالَ حَبَّةٍ مِّنْ خَرْدَلٍ فَتَكُن فِي صَخْرَةٍ أَوْ فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ أَوْ فِي الْأَرْضِ يَأْتِ بِهَا اللَّهُ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَطِيفٌ خَبِيرٌ

I.e. (‘My son, even if [the righteous deed] be [as trivial] as the weight of a grain of mustard seed^{^[2]}, and [it be] in a rock or in the heavens or in the earth, God will bring it forth [for judgment]; surely, God is Most Kind, Most Aware.)

The ‘rock’, here, means the moon. Actually, God – be exalted – said

في صَخرَةٍ

i.e. (in a rock), and He didn’t say ‘in the rock’; because He means: in one of the moons; for this reason, He didn’t mention the word ‘the’.

Similar to this in meaning is His saying – be glorified – in the Quran 4: 48

إِنَّ اللّهَ لاَ يَغْفِرُ أَن يُشْرَكَ بِهِ وَيَغْفِرُ مَا دُونَ ذَلِكَ لِمَن يَشَاء

I.e. (God does not forgive that anything should be associated with Him, but forgives anything short of that, to whomsoever He pleases.)

The Moon has two sides: one side always confronts the earth, so it sometimes appears as a crescent, other times it appears as a full moon; that is because of the reflection of the sun-light on it and because of its revolution around the earth. But we cannot see the other side because it is opposite to the visible side.

Half of the Moon is always lightened; its light is obtained from the sun, while its other half is dark and no light on it; i.e. in one half of the Moon there is day, and in the other half there is night. The duration of the Moon day is about fifteen of our days, and so is the duration of the Moon night; that is because of its revolution around the earth, and the transferring of sun-rays upon its surface from one side to another.

DIAGRAM 4

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An image of the Moon in the 27^th. Night of the Month

(From NASA)

If you observe the Moon on the third night of the [lunar] month, or on the twenty-seventh night [see the image above], you will see it spherical, but the lightened part will be in the shape of a crescent, while the rest will appear darker; from this [observation], you can realize that the Moon is spherical in shape.

Phases of the Moon

The Moon circles around the Earth, and because of its circling and the shining of sun rays on it, we see it as a full moon one time, and another time we see it as a crescent, and another time we do not see it at all.

DIAGRAM 5

A Diagram Showing the Phases of the Moon

(From NASA)

Look at the (3 o’clock position) in the diagram, you will see the circle of the Moon dark, and nothing of it can be seen; in this condition the Moon is said to be in its waning: that is in the last night of the month. In this night, it disappears completely from our sight, because in this night it lies exactly between the Sun and the Earth, so that its lightened face is towards the Sun, while the dark one is towards the Earth; therefore, we cannot see any part of it.

Then it starts deviating towards the north in the following night, so that a small part of it will appear, as it is seen in the (1 o’clock position), when it is called a crescent.

Then it goes on in its progress in its orbit around the Earth, little by little until it will be seen as half a circle; that is on the seventh night of the month. In this condition, the Moon is said to be in the first quarter ( the 12 o’clock position).

And it continues in its progress around the Earth, so that more of it will appear to our sight until it will become an incomplete circle, when it is called ‘the gibbous’ (the 11 o’clock position).

Going on in its orbit around the Earth, it will be a complete circle in the fourteenth night, when it is called the ‘full moon’; because its lightened face is totally towards both the Earth and the Sun; i.e. opposite to its condition in its waning. For this reason, we see all of its lightened face, and we do not see any part of the dark face (the 9 o’clock position)

After that, and because of its revolution around the Earth, its shape starts to decrease returning to its initial phases, until it will again be as a gibbous (the 7 o’clock position)

Then it will appear as half a circle, when it will be in the ‘the last quarter’ (the 6 o’clock position)

Afterwards, its lightened face will disappear from our sight, so that only a small part of it can be seen; therefore, it will be a crescent as it began, but its convexity will be towards the eastern horizon (the 4 o’clock position)

Then it disappears from our sight, when it is in its waning.

Its revolution around the Earth lasts 29 ½ days.

The Journey to Moon

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An astronaut on Moon

( from NASA )

[NB. The following subject was written by the author about the year 1947AD or (1366 AH), before the space exploration and invasion by man, and before the landing of the first man on Moon. At that time, they postulated many theories and wrote many fictions about the life on Moon, while the interpreter Mohammed-Ali Hassan Al-Hilly said the true thing, even though he was not qualified and did not graduate at any college or school; for he could merely read and write Arabic; but he was a man inspired of God – The translator.]

Man has the ambition to go to Moon, Venus and Mars; for tourism therein and for exploring the unknown, then to return to Earth.

Concerning this subject, I say my opinion:

As regards Moon; there is no life, no water and no plant on it; because Moon is a small object, and according to the fact that the small object becomes cold before the big one, it became cold before the earth by thousands of years, and its internal heat finished. And due to the fact that the heat is the cause of the spinning of the object around itself, the Moon stopped from spinning, and now it does not rotate around itself. The proof of that lies in the fact that we always see only one of its two faces.

[The mistake of Astronomers about Moon ]

About the claim of astronomers that “it completes its rotation around itself in the same time as it completes its circling around the Earth”; this is not correct, and does not rely on a sound base. [See the picture below, of ‘a father playing with his child’, and its explanation. Moon circles around Earth, but does not spin around itself.]

And because the small object is attracted to the big one, and that the cold object is attracted to the hot one; therefore, Moon was attracted to the Earth because it is much smaller than the Earth, and because the Earth is a hot object, while the Moon is a cold one.

Moreover, because the Earth spins around itself – due to its internal heat – the Moon started to orbit or circle around it because it is pulled to it by gravity.

DIAGRAM 6

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A photograph of a father playing with his child

An example of that: It is like a man playing with his child [See the picture above.] He holds both hands of his child and rotates with her, so that you see the father stationary in his place, but he spins around himself, and you see the child circling around her father, but she is not spinning around herself; and you see the child’s face confronting her father’s face, while the father is going on in rotation around himself.

Now let us consider the father to resemble the Earth, and his hands resemble the gravitational pull, and the child to resemble the Moon, so likewise that the child revolves around her father, but she does not rotate around herself; the earth is going on attracting the Moon to it – because of the gravitation of its core – and pulling the Moon to orbit around it – because of the spinning of the Earth around itself [i.e. Moon circles around Earth, showing only one face , the other side being unapparent, but it does not spin around itself.]

Therefore, the Moon completes its rotation around the Earth once monthly, so the Moon’s day equals 15 of our days, and its night is like the day in duration. The day of the Moon is very hot, and its night is very cold.

In the Moon, there is little amount of gases harmful to man; therefore, the traveler to Moon cannot stay there for long time, but he may only stay for one day, then he will return to the Earth.

So, if man lands on the day side, there he will find high degrees of temperature, and will find the ground of the Moon very hot. While if he lands on the night side, there he will find severe coldness.

This is what I had written before their traveling to the Moon, but they overcame these difficulties by making space-crafts and aids, then they traveled to the Moon. Their first arrival to the Moon was on 20^th.July, when two men landed on the Moon surface in the year 1969 AD, then they returned to the Earth by their space-craft. Afterwards, the journeys to Moon continued successively.

Question 29 What benefit is obtained from traveling to Moon?

Answer: Man, always, likes exploration, and wishes to check what the science has discovered about celestial objects, and to see the Earth on which he dwells while it is moving in the ethereal waves, swimming along in the space, rotating around itself, and circling around the sun like a butterfly circling around a lamp. Then he will take the photograph of the Earth from the Moon surface, and look at its continents by the telescope. At that time, he will see himself on a new land, other than that on which he was dwelling, and for him there will be a new moon, i.e. the Earth itself, larger than that which he was seeing from the Earth, by fifty times.

Question 30 If we travel to the Moon, then we look to the Earth, shall we see it in the shape of a full moon –always and every day – or will it appear as a crescent, then as a full moon, as is the case with our Moon ?

Answer: The appearance of the Earth from the surface of the Moon is just like the appearance of the Moon from the Earth, and no difference between the two. So, as we see the Moon, likewise we shall see the Earth as a crescent one time and as a full moon another time, but the difference between the two is that the Moon appears to be small in size, while the Earth appears fifty times larger than it.

The other difference is that we can see one of the two faces of the Moon, while as regards the Earth: we can see all its continents, so that if we look at it by the telescope, while we are on the surface of the Moon (and when the Earth is at its full moon phase), then we shall see it like a [movie film displaying to us its continents, mountains and seas, and what it contains on its surface during a 24-hour period: so as if we have made tourism round the Earth, and traveled all those long distances by this short period.

The Journey to Venus Is Dangerous

Description: Description: Description: Description: Image result for NASA Venus

An image of Venus

(From NASA)

The volume of Venus was two-thirds that of the Earth, but later it shrunk, so that its volume becomes somewhat smaller. It was completing its rotation around itself in a period of 16 hours, so that its day was 8 hours, so was its night. But Venus stopped its axial rotation, and now it does not rotate around its axis; therefore, the day and night of Venus have become everlasting, and they do not succeed each other, because of the depletion of its internal heat, and because heat is the reason for the rotation of an object around itself.

The central gravitational force of Venus had been keeping what living organisms had been on it, just like the Earth, but it finished since the depletion of its central heat; and, actually, Venus became like our Moon, having no gravity except that which it obtains from the sun heat, and that is in the day-side, i.e. the side which is in front of the Sun.

In the past Venus had been inhabited: there were human beings, animals, plants, trees and other things; but the life on Venus ended because of its standstill from axial rotation, and all its inhabitants died, its rivers dried and its trees burnt; therefore, whosoever was on the day-side died by the excessive heat and thirst, and whosoever was on the night-side died by the excessive coldness and starvation. If anyone goes to Venus and lands on the day-side, he will die from excessive heat; and if he lands on the night-side, he will suffer there from severe coldness and lack of food, and the Sun may draw him by its gravity so he will die because of its rays [or heat]; that is because Venus is devoid of gravity, and because of being near to the Sun. The traveler to Venus, then, will find towns, houses, clubs and shops, but will not see anyone dwelling therein; he will see furniture and property, but will not see their owners; he will see rivers but without water, and see trees that are burnt by the Sun heat.

The Journey to Mars Is Successful

Description: Description: Description: Description: Image result for NASA Mars

Two Images of Mars

(from NASA)

Mars is larger than Earth by less than two times; it completes its rotation around itself in a period of about 44 hours. Therefore, its day is 22 hours, and so is its night, and its year equals about two of our years. Mars is inhabited and contains plant, trees, animals, human beings, mountains, rivers, seas and other things. Hence, the dwelling in Mars is suitable; because the traveler to Mars will find the water there available; he, too, will find ample food and much fruit, but we don’t know whether the weather, the temperature, and air-constituents there are suitable or not for the man of Earth; but we think that man can overcome these difficulties, or at least he can adapt himself to them.

The Emigration to Mars

Earth rotates around itself because of its central heat, so that the day and night result from its rotation, but this heat will finish because of the eruption of volcanoes and the emergence of fire and gases to the outside, and it will stop from its axial rotation as time and years pass by, just as how had Mercury and Venus stopped before.

Consequently, the day and night will be everlasting and will not succeed each other, so that the heat will become very severe on the day-side; therefore, rivers will evaporate, trees will burn out, animals will perish and people will die at that time from severe heat, thirst and starvation; while those dwelling in the night-side will die from severe coldness and starvation. At that time, death will be on Earth and life on Mars.

God – be exalted – said in the Quran 10: 24

حَتَّىَ إِذَا أَخَذَتِ الأَرْضُ زُخْرُفَهَا وَازَّيَّنَتْ وَظَنَّ أَهْلُهَا أَنَّهُمْ قَادِرُونَ عَلَيْهَآ أَتَاهَا أَمْرُنَا لَيْلاً أَوْ نَهَارًا فَجَعَلْنَاهَا حَصِيدًا كَأَن لَّمْ تَغْنَ بِالأَمْسِ

I.e. (Till when the earth is decked with its ornaments [of the green plant and colorful flowers] and embellished [with much plant and fruit], and its people think they have power of disposal over it, there comes to it Our order, [to destroy it], by night or day, and We make it stubble, as if it did not flourish only the day before.)

Comment [about the Mars images]

Americans took photographs of certain areas of Mars by their space-crafts in the year 1965A.D., and they said that nothing appeared in the photos which might indicate signs of the existence of life on Mars. I say that the camera caught part of the uninhabited desolate desert of Mars, by chance, and did not view the inhabited region of Mars, in order to transmit its picture to the Earth, and this will take place in the future.

An Anticipated Meeting between the Inhabitants of

Earth and the Inhabitants of Some Other Planets

Astronomers are primarily concerned today in the search for the possibility of life on other planets like Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and the other planets. They prepared everything possible for that; they planned for it, and even they designed signs and marks which they broadcasted throughout the space to find their way by them and for mutual understanding with any intelligent creature that might be existent on the other planets.

In this respect, we can assure that this will take place by God’s will. Sooner or later, the humanity will one day face an exciting, and may be a fruitful, meeting between the inhabitants of Earth and the inhabitants of one [or more] of the planets.

Mars may be the most anticipated planet for this event, because of the information that astronomers have obtained about it, and which affirm the existence of water and other essentials of life on its surface.

To confirm my words about such anticipated meeting between the inhabitants of Earth and the inhabitants of some other planets, I refer to the word of God, in the Quran 42: 29

وَمِنْ آيَاتِهِ خَلْقُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَمَا بَثَّ فِيهِمَا مِن دَابَّةٍ وَهُوَ عَلَى جَمْعِهِمْ إِذَا يَشَاء قَدِيرٌ

I.e. (And of His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth, and what He has spread abroad therein of beasts [: creatures moving on these planets], and He is All-Able to gather them if He wills.)

The interpretation:

>> (And of His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth)

It means: Among His signs that indicate His existence is the creation of the planets including the earth,

>> (and what He has spread abroad therein of beasts [: creatures moving on these planets) i.e. the creatures [: animals and human beings] that move on these planets including the Earth.

>> (and He is All-Able to gather them if He wills.)

Here, there is a clear declaration about the possibility of meeting between the inhabitants of some of the planets and the inhabitants of Earth. But if God – be exalted – meant by that the ‘gathering-together’ of the Judgment Day, when souls will be gathered together for judgment, then He would not mention that with (if He wills), but the Quranic revelation would come in an affirmation form, as it is noticed in many Quranic revelations concerning the gathering and congregation on the Day of the ‘gathering-together' for Judgment then the reward or punishment; e.g. His saying – be highly exalted – in the Quran 36: 53

إِن كَانَتْ إِلَّا صَيْحَةً وَاحِدَةً فَإِذَا هُمْ جَمِيعٌ لَّدَيْنَا مُحْضَرُونَ

I.e. (It will be but one shout [of the angel Israfel], and behold, they will all be brought to Us [: to the gathering-together in the space.])

Also His saying – be exalted – in the Quran 36: 51

وَنُفِخَ فِي الصُّورِ فَإِذَا هُم مِّنَ الْأَجْدَاثِ إِلَى رَبِّهِمْ يَنسِلُونَ

I.e. (And when the ‘Horn’^{^[3]} will be blown; behold, they will then go up – from the graves – in crowds, to their Lord [: to the gathering-together in the space.])

[A Comment by the translator: Notice, dear reader, that the external shape of the horn [of animals] is like volcano rocks which result from the cooling of the volcanic lava.]

In addition, God – be exalted – specified this meeting with His Ability to accomplish it, and that is by saying قدير i.e. (All-Able); because it is very difficult to mankind at the present to make such a meeting without some aid for that. But nothing is difficult to God, the Glorious, the Almighty Who is All-Able to gather between the people of Earth and the inhabitants of some other planets like Mars for example, in this life of the World before the Hereafter; and that is by inspiring man the science and knowledge to achieve his goodly ambition to explore the unknown in the horizons of the heavens and earth.

However, we don’t want to precede or anticipate the events before their occurrence, but we expect many tremendous achievements in Astronomy.

The Asteroids

Description: Description: Description: Description: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0406/idadactyl_galileo_big.gif

An image of the Asteroids Ida and Dactyl

(from NASA)

[The mistake of astronomers about the Asteroids 2]

Astronomers claim that the Asteroids are small planets or planetoids that revolve around the Sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, and most of them complete their revolution in three and a half years, while some others complete that in six years. However, most of them cannot be seen with the unaided eye except Vesta.

I say that the Asteroids are not small planets, but are satellites of the planets, just like the meteorites and moons. The asteroid, that completes its revolution around the sun in a short period, is a satellite of Mars; whereas that which completes it in a longer period is a satellite of Jupiter. Or they may be some flaming objects just like the comets. If they were some planets, then they should be [very] near to the sun; because of their small volumes, according to the rule of the pulling force and the repelling force. [See also The mistake of Astronomers about the Asteroids 1 ]

The Eclipse

Cosmic objects are not equal in their distances from Earth. Therefore, it may happen that one object passes in front of another object, between us and the far one. This will lead to hiding of the far object from our sight.

In the eclipse of the sun: it happens that Moon passes exactly between Earth and Sun, so as to hide its light from us. Here, the reader may ask: How is it possible for the Moon to hide the light of the Sun, while it is bigger than the Moon by much many times?

The answer is that the Sun and the Moon appear to be equal in size; because the Moon is nearer to the Earth than it is to the Sun. The ratio between the distance of each of the two objects is nearly equal to the ratio between their sizes.

Description: Description: Description: Description: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/230904main_SolarEclipse1995_HI.jpg

Total solar eclipse (from NASA)

However, it may happen that the Moon passes exactly between us and the Sun. Those, [people] that are present opposite to their centers, will see the Moon, when the eclipse is complete, covering all the face of the Sun. This is what we call the Total Eclipse.

But when the Sun is at its nearest distance, then its face will be larger than the face of the Moon, and this latter will be seen to cover its face, except a narrow ring left around it, this is what astronomers call: the Annular Eclipse.

If the Moon passes in front of part of the Sun, then the eclipse will be ‘Partial’.

Before the completion of the total or annular eclipse, the Moon passes across the face of the Sun. After the completion of the eclipse, the Moon starts to unveil the Sun gradually and slowly until the unveiling is complete, and it returns back to its initial state of light and shining.

The maximum number of eclipses in a year is about five, and the minimum is two.

The eclipse of the Moon is different from that of the Sun; and the explanation of this is that the Earth has a shadow extending behind it to a distance of about 900 000 miles, and when it happens that the Moon falls within this shadow, during its revolution in its orbit around the Earth, then there will be a Complete Eclipse of the Moon.

Description: Description: Description: Description: http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/images/462831main_nasa_lunar1.jpg

Partial lunar eclipse

(from NASA)

Astronomers are now able to calculate the dates of the eclipse of the Sun and the eclipse of the Moon, and to anticipate their timing before their occurrence.

In one year, there might be no eclipse of the Moon; sometimes, there are two eclipses for the Sun and three for the Moon. More often there are five for the Sun and two for the Moon, but mostly the eclipse of both Sun and Moon do not exceed four only.

Meteorites

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The Allende meteorite – Fell at 1969 in Mexico

(from the Wikipedia)

Meteorites are cold objects, having no heat; because they are earthy pieces, which are also called the Celestial Rocks. They are variable in size: some of them are as big as a mountain, while others are larger, or may be smaller; the smallest of them are about half cubic meter.

They are attracted to Earth by gravity, just like the Moon; because they are cold objects, while the Earth is hot. In like manner, each planet has its own meteorites, attracted to it by gravity.

Their distances from the Earth vary according to their volumes; therefore, the small will be near to the Earth, and the big will be far from it; according to the rule of the pulling and repelling forces.

These meteorites revolve with the Earth from right to left, just like the revolution of the Moon. The big ones among them contain rain water and snow; for they are nearer to the Earth than they are to the Moon. On them there are some plants; and some of the small animals live there which are not much harmed by coldness like frogs, fish and something like that.

The origin of meteorites is from the remnants of some planets that were broken up in the ancient times, after their Doomsday. They include large amounts of metals: like iron, lead, chrome, nickel, platinum and others. Sometimes, some of them may fall in Europe and other parts of the world, and people there find these metals included in these meteorites.

One of nice tales about meteorites is that a meteorite or a celestial rock fell in Punjab (: a district in the north west of the Indian subcontinent.) The emperor Jahangir made, from its iron, a sword which people called ‘The Thunderbolt Sword.’

There is a meteorite in the American Museum of Natural History at New York, which weighs 36 ½ Tons; its volume is about 385 cubic feet.

In the year 1908 A.D., a meteorite weighing more than 136 Tons fell in Siberia plains near Vanavara.

It is assumed that more than forty thousand Tons of ash, dust and meteoritic rocks fall on the Earth every day.

In Iraq, a meteorite fell near Kirkuk city and broke up. It weighed about 35 Kg, and that was on the 20^thof August 1977 AD. It fell at day time; its color was grey with some crystallization, and its pieces were taken to the museum.

It was mentioned in the Al-Hilal magazine, no.295, of the year 1975, under the title of:

“Red Indians and the Spanish

“Spanish pioneers heard the Indians, dwelling in the northern part of Argentina, speak about some masses of iron that had fallen from the sky, at the ‘Heaven Fields’, as they called it at that time.

Immediately, some teams were formed in the years 1774-1776, to investigate that, hoping to find some amounts of silver, like that they had before found at Peru.

The samples, they obtained, indicated that they were of pure iron. But the Spanish adventurers did not satisfy with what they discovered, so they sent some other teams to search, hoping to discover some iron mines.

The officer Michel Rubin De Sless, a member of the Spanish Royal Navy, was chosen for this job. He continued the operations of excavation, but the accumulated sand had buried under it another mass weighing 15 Tons, which has never been discovered afterwards.

Later on, in 1808, another mass was discovered, in the same region, weighing one ton. Scientists were convinced that it was one of the meteorites that had fallen upon the Earth; so they sent it to the British Museum at London.

In summary, we say that meteorites originally were some inhabited earths, which contained plant, animal and man; just like our Earth, and they were attracted by gravity to that sun that had broken up into many pieces, and those [earths or planets] were circling around it. When that sun cracked, its [planets] also cracked and broke up altogether with it, and they became meteorites.

As such will our Earth be when its Doomsday will take place; because it will be broken up and become meteorites.

When the meteorites are mentioned in the Quran, they are mentioned by the word ‘mountains’; this will be explained later on, when we shall speak about mountains.

God – be glorified – said in the Quran 11: 82-83

فَلَمَّا جَاء أَمْرُنَا جَعَلْنَا عَالِيَهَا سَافِلَهَا وَأَمْطَرْنَا عَلَيْهَا حِجَارَةً مِّن سِجِّيلٍ مَّنضُودٍ . مُّسَوَّمَةً عِندَ رَبِّكَ وَمَا هِيَ مِنَ الظَّالِمِينَ بِبَعِيدٍ

I.e. (And when Our decree issued, We made the high parts [of their houses] their low parts.

And We rained down upon them packed sedimentary stones, marked [i.e. have marks from their origin by sedimentation], with [the knowledge of] your.)

The ‘stones’, here, means the meteorites.

God – be glorified – said in the Quran 34: 9

إِن نَّشَأْ نَخْسِفْ بِهِمُ الْأَرْضَ أَوْ نُسْقِطْ عَلَيْهِمْ كِسَفًا مِّنَ السَّمَاء ...

I.e. (Had We willed, We would have cleaved the land open with them [as did We do to Korah and others], or We would hve brought down on them fragments from the sky [and destroy them, as did We do to Lot’s people and to the ‘host of the elephant’.] …etc.)

The interpretation: If We will, We would make to fall on them some meteorites from the space; the ‘fragments’, here, means the meteorites.

God – be exalted – said also in the Quran 52: 44

وَإِن يَرَوْا كِسْفًا مِّنَ السَّمَاء سَاقِطًا يَقُولُوا سَحَابٌ مَّرْكُومٌ

I.e. (But had they seen [some heavenly] fragments a falling down [upon them, they would not have believed that, and] they would have said: "[It is only some] accumulative cloud.")

Here, the ‘fragments’ means the meteorites.

God – be exalted – said in the Quran 57: 25

وَأَنزَلْنَا الْحَدِيدَ فِيهِ بَأْسٌ شَدِيدٌ وَمَنَافِعُ لِلنَّاسِ ... الخ

I.e. (And We sent down the iron [included in the meteorites falling down from the space], in which are both keen violence and [many] benefits to people …etc.)

The ‘iron’ mentioned here, He sent it down included in the meteorites.

God – be highly exalted – said in the Quran 27: 88

وَتَرَى الْجِبَالَ تَحْسَبُهَا جَامِدَةً وَهِيَ تَمُرُّ مَرَّ السَّحَابِ صُنْعَ اللَّهِ الَّذِي أَتْقَنَ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ إِنَّهُ خَبِيرٌ بِمَا تَفْعَلُونَ

I.e. (And you [man] see [or think about] the mountains, and suppose them fixed [or stationary], while they pass like the passing of clouds – the handiwork of God, Who has perfected everything. He is All-Aware of the things that you [people] do.)

The ‘mountains’, here, means the meteorites; the proof of that is their liking to the cloud, because the meteorites move above us like the cloud. That is according to His perfection of His creation and work. It is He Who perfectly made everything.

On the other hand, the astronauts, who went in the space crafts, saw the Earth mountains move with the movement of the Earth.

Question 31

How do these meteorites move in the space, and do not fall on the earth?

Answer: They are [in this respect] like the Moon; for it does not fall on the Earth; because the Earth has a gravitational force due to the heat of its core, and it has a repelling force due to its rotation around itself.

Question 32

If these meteorites are truly present in the space, then why can’t we see them? While God – be exalted – said in the Quran 27: 88

وتَرى الجِبال

i.e. (And you [man] see [or think about] the mountains)?

Answer: Because they are small objects, and we may see some of them in the sky, but we may, then, think that they are stars.

As regards the Arabic word تَرَى i.e. (see [or think about, or know]), in Arabic, means to think about or know, and does not here indicate: to look at;

God – be glorified – said in the Quran 105: 1

أَلَمْ تَرَ كَيْفَ فَعَلَ رَبُّكَ بِأَصْحَابِ الْفِيلِِ؟

I.e. (Have you not known how your Lord dealt with the ‘host of the elephant’?)

Question 33 We all know that the Earth is rich in its raw iron, then why was He – be exalted – Gracious and Generous with us by making the fall down of iron included in the meteorites, while it is very little compared to the raw iron present on the Earth? For God – be exalted – said in the Quran 57: 25

وَأَنزَلْنَا الْحَدِيدَ فِيهِ بَأْسٌ شَدِيدٌ وَمَنَافِعُ لِلنَّاسِ

I.e. (And We sent down the iron [included in the meteorites falling down from the space], in which are both keen violence and [many] benefits to people)

Answer: The iron present in the earth is a raw material, without any bit in the free form, while that present in the meteorites is free, and it is not in the raw form. People in the ancient times, were unfamiliar with the extraction of the iron from its raw form; therefore, they obtained the iron from meteorites, of which they made various tools like knives, axes, saws …etc.

However, iron is not found free in the Earth; because, it is oxidized by the oxygen of the air. While that which is in the meteorites does not oxidize because the oxygen there [in the higher atmosphere] is little in amount.

The Murchison Meteorite

Description: Description: Description: Description: http://astronomy2009.nasa.gov/images/topics/aug/LB/topic05LG.jpg

Murchison meteorite

(from NASA)

The Arabic magazine ‘Science and Life’, no.7, vol.3, March 1971, mentioned the following:

“In Sept.1969, a meteorite fell in Australia, Murchison city. The parts of this meteorite were investigated by a group of scientists of the Australian National Navigation Agency. Those scientists, by using precise analytical methods, were able to discover sixteen amino acids in this meteorite, which are the essential constituents of the living protein. Only five among them were of the known types in the bodies of the organisms living on Earth. (There are twenty amino acids on Earth.)

They, too, found on this meteorite some organic compounds (: hydrocarbons) of the kind found on the Earth surface.

"Murchison meteorite has been found to contain Carbon (as graphite) and more than 70 extraterrestrial amino acids and several other classes of compounds including carboxylic acids, hydroxy carboxylic acids, sulphonic and phosphonic acids, aliphatic, aromatic and polar hydrocarbons, fullerenes, heterocycles as well as kerogen, Carbonyl compounds, alcohols, amines and amides (in all, about 250 hydrocarbons species). Most of the amino acids do not have terrestrial counterparts but 8 of the 20, principally glycine, which make up proteins were in the group; no RNA or DNA has yet been found in meteorites or anywhere else in the Universe.”

“Murchison contains common amino acids such as glycine, alanine and glutamic acid as well as unusual ones like isovaline and pseudoleucine. A complex mixture of alkanes was isolated as well, similar to that found in the Miller–Urey experiment. Serine and threonine, usually considered to be earthly contaminants, were conspicuously absent in the samples. A specific family of amino acids called diamino acids was identified in the Murchison meteorite as well.”

This discovery was of great importance, not only because this event was the first of its kind in which amino acids were discovered on meteorites, or in which bacterial fossils were proved to be present, but because it was the first condition in which it is ascertained that these substances were from outside the Earth, and they did not come from contamination with the Earth substances; that was for the following reasons:

(1) Some of these amino acids have no analogue on Earth; therefore, its Earth origin was absolutely excluded.

(2) The ratio of the ¹³C in the Murchison meteorite, as is it in some other meteorites, differs greatly from this ratio in the Earthy life.

(3) The spectrograph of one of the hydrocarbon compound groups, present on the Murchison meteorite, differs greatly from what is present on the Earth surface.

According to such clues, scientists have decided that the substances, discovered on the Murchison meteorite, are extraterrestrial (: i.e. not from Earth), and that the amino acids and hydrocarbons had been formed in a place other than the Earth.

The discovery of some amino acids, in a small object like the Murchison meteorite, opened a new research [field] about the probability of the existence of organic substances like these or more complex than them, or the existence of living substances in some larger objects like the planets Mars and Venus.”

[See in the Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murchison_meteorite ]

Mountains

Description: Description: Description: Description: pine trees on a rocky peak

An image of Mountains

(from NASA)

The mountains of Earth are four kinds:

1. Some of them were formed because of the volcanoes;

2. Others due to the wearing away and erosion, and due to earthquakes and land depressions;

3. Others because of the earth contraction and the breaking of its surface: those latter are the Elongated Chained Mountains^{^[4]} [i.e. the long mountain ranges.]

4. But most of the mountains are due to falling of meteorites upon the Earth; the mountains are still falling now and then in some countries, till the present time.

God – be highly exalted – said in the Quran 16: 15

وَأَلْقَى فِي الأَرْضِ رَوَاسِيَ أَن تَمِيدَ بِكُمْ وَأَنْهَارًا وَسُبُلاً لَّعَلَّكُمْ تَهْتَدُونَ

I.e. (And He cast [mountains] that landed firmly on the earth; lest it should totter with you; and [He made on it] rivers and ways; that you may find your way.^{^[5]})

Those ‘that landed’ are the mountains; which, actually, are some meteorites that landed and settled on the Earth, i.e. they were fixed and became firm and stationary upon it.

God – be exalted – said in the Quran 13: 3

وَهُوَ الَّذِي مَدَّ الأَرْضَ وَجَعَلَ فِيهَا رَوَاسِيَ وَأَنْهَارًا وَمِن كُلِّ الثَّمَرَاتِ جَعَلَ فِيهَا زَوْجَيْنِ اثْنَيْنِ ...الخ

I.e. (And it is [God] Who supplemented the earth, and made [mountains] to land thereon, and [made therein] rivers, and – of every fruit – He made, therein, two spouses^{^[6]} [: male and female] …etc.)

Here, those ‘that were made to land’ means the mountains.

God – be exalted – said in the Quran 15: 19

وَالأَرْضَ مَدَدْنَاهَا وَأَلْقَيْنَا فِيهَا رَوَاسِيَ وَأَنبَتْنَا فِيهَا مِن كُلِّ شَيْءٍ مَّوْزُونٍ

I.e. (And the earth have We supplemented^{^[7]}, and cast on it heavily- landing^{^[8]} [mountains], and planted on it of every strictly measured thing.)

Therefore, (and [We have] cast) means: He threw or cast the meteorites from the space upon the Earth, so that they anchored on it and became the mountains.

God – be exalted – said in the Quran 41: 10

وَجَعَلَ فِيهَا رَوَاسِيَ مِن فَوْقِهَا وَبَارَكَ فِيهَا وَقَدَّرَ فِيهَا أَقْوَاتَهَا فِي أَرْبَعَةِ أَيَّامٍ سَوَاء لِّلسَّائِلِينَ

I.e. (And He made [mountains] that landed upon it, blessed it, and apportioned therein its sustenance in four days; alike for those who ask [for their provision.])

Moreover, God – be glorified – said in the Quran 79: 32

وَالْجِبَالَ أَرْسَاهَا

I.e. (And the mountains He settled firmly [on the earth.]) The ‘mountains’ means the meteorites. It means: He fixed them upon the earth.

God – be exalted – said in the Quran 13: 4

وَفِي الأَرْضِ قِطَعٌ مُّتَجَاوِرَاتٌ وَجَنَّاتٌ مِّنْ أَعْنَابٍ

I.e. (There are, in the earth, pieces adjacent [in place] to each other, and gardens of vines.)

The interpretation:

>> (There are, in the earth, pieces) which are not from the earth [in origin];

>> (adjacent to each other) means: they neighbored each other after being dispersed in the space. Those pieces were the meteorites because they came to the earth from the space.

God – be exalted – said in the Quran 57: 25

وَأَنزَلْنَا الْحَدِيدَ فِيهِ بَأْسٌ شَدِيدٌ وَمَنَافِعُ لِلنَّاسِ...الخ .

I.e. (And We sent down the iron [included in the meteorites falling down from the space], in which are both keen violence and [many] benefits to people …etc.)

It means: He sent down the iron, included in the meteorites, and from these [meteorites] the mountains were formed.

God – be highly exalted – said in the Quran 88: 17-19

أَفَلَا يَنظُرُونَ إِلَى الْإِبِلِ كَيْفَ خُلِقَتْ ؟ وَإِلَى السَّمَاء كَيْفَ رُفِعَتْ ؟ وَإِلَى الْجِبَالِ كَيْفَ نُصِبَتْ؟

I.e. (Do they not consider how the camel is [wisely] created,

And the sky: how it is raised high [above the earth, without pillars],

And the mountains how they are set up [on the earth like pegs!?])

As regards the mountains which were formed from the denudation and erosion and changes in the earth surface, they are mentioned in His saying – be exalted – in the Quran 35: 27

أَلَمْ تَرَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ أَنزَلَ مِنَ السَّمَاء مَاء فَأَخْرَجْنَا بِهِ ثَمَرَاتٍ مُّخْتَلِفًا أَلْوَانُهَا وَمِنَ الْجِبَالِ جُدَدٌ بِيضٌ وَحُمْرٌ مُّخْتَلِفٌ أَلْوَانُهَا وَغَرَابِيبُ سُودٌ

I.e. (Do you [Mohammed] not see how God sends down [rain] water from the sky, and We bring forth therewith produce of various colors, [sizes, tastes and smells] – and of mountains [also He brings forth therewith] newly-formed mountains: white and red, of various colors – and black brands of coal.)

Therefore, (and of mountains) is related to (and We bring forth therewith produce).

The interpretation: With the aid of rain water, We made new mountains. That is because the rain will solve the carbon dioxide gas present in the air, so that carbonic acid will be formed, which will solve some parts of the calcium-containing rocks present in the mountains, so it will go down to the low lands and seas, and will once again petrify, and as such will the process go on with the passing of time, until a new mountain will result.

>> (and black brands of coal) means: With the aid of rain water We formed black brands of coal. He means: the brands of coal; for it petrifies with the aid of carbonic acid formed by the rain water. Actually, God – be exalted – said غَرابِيبُ i.e. (coals) or (brands of coal) in plural; because the brands of coal are four kinds.

In summary, the meteorites and the mountains are mentioned in the Quran, by one name: جبال i.e. mountains.

Life Is Transmittable (or Migrant)

You have to know that the origin of the seed of life was not from the Earth; because Earth, together with the rest of the planets, were one flaming sun; and it is impossible for life to originate from the fire.

But life, in fact, came to our Earth from the old planets that had broken up into meteorites; some of which fell down on Earth and became the mountains of our Earth. When rain water fell down, those seeds and remnants of trees started to grow and enlarge because of the water.

God – be exalted – said in the Quran 21: 30

و جَعَلْنا مِنَ الماءِ كُلَّ شَيءٍ حَيٍّ

I.e. (And [We] made – of water – every living thing [: the plant, animal and man.])

Then God – be exalted – created animals, birds and human beings, out of those decayed substances [present on those mountains.] After that, these creatures descended from those mountains, scattered throughout the Earth and started to reproduce until they filled the Earth.

Therefore, life is transmittable from one planet to another.

[The creation of Adam and Eve]

God – be exalted – created Adam and Eve on one of those mountains, (which had in the past been planets that had broken up), then Adam and Eve descended from the mountain to the plain land, reproduced and scattered throughout the Earth.

God – be exalted – said in the Quran 2: 35

وَقُلْنَا يَا آدَمُ اسْكُنْ أَنتَ وَزَوْجُكَ الْجَنَّةَ وَكُلاَ مِنْهَا رَغَداً حَيْثُ شِئْتُمَا وَلاَ تَقْرَبَا هَذِهِ الشَّجَرَةَ فَتَكُونَا مِنَ الْظَّالِمِينَ

I.e. (And We said: "O Adam! Dwell together with your wife in the garden [that was on one of the earth mountains],

and eat you [both] amply [of the fruits] thereof where you please;

but approach not this tree lest you should then become the wrong-doers.")

The ‘garden’, here, is that garden which was on the mountain.

God – be highly exalted - said in the Quran 23: 19

فَأَنشَأْنَا لَكُم بِهِ جَنَّاتٍ مِّن نَّخِيلٍ وَأَعْنَابٍ

I.e. (And We produce for you, by the [water], gardens of date-palms and vines.)

The garden, where Adam was dwelling, was on one of those mountains, as has – previously – been mentioned; the indication of that is His saying – be exalted – in the Quran 20: 123

قَالَ اهْبِطَا مِنْهَا جَمِيعًا بَعْضُكُمْ لِبَعْضٍ عَدُوٌّ

I.e. ([Afterwards God] said [to Adam and Eve]: "Get down [from the garden], both of you, altogether [: Adam, Eve, the cattle and the birds which were on that mountain], out of it.

You will be an enemy of each other.”)

The interpretation: Descend, both of you, from the mountain to the plain land; for the ‘descence’ means to come down from a high to a low place,

like His saying – be exalted – in the Quran 11: 48, telling about the story of Noah:

قِيلَ يَا نُوحُ اهْبِطْ بِسَلاَمٍ مِّنَّا وَبَركَاتٍ عَلَيْكَ وَعَلَى أُمَمٍ مِّمَّن مَّعَكَ

I.e. ([Then after the ship or the Ark settled on the mountain,] it was said [by the angels,] ‘O Noah, descend [from the mountain to the plain land] in safety [granted] by Us and blessings [from Us] on you and on [some] nations of those [of the black and yellow races] who are with you [in the Ark]’)

So, the ‘descence’ of Noah, actually, was from the mountain to the plain land; because the Ark rested on the mountain of Judi.

In fact, God – be exalted – created Adam and Eve from the decayed substances that were on the mountain [on which the garden was.]

God – be exalted – said in the Quran 15: 28

وَإِذْ قَالَ رَبُّكَ لِلْمَلاَئِكَةِ إِنِّي خَالِقٌ بَشَرًا مِّن صَلْصَالٍ مِّنْ حَمَإٍ مَّسْنُونٍ

I.e. (Behold! Your Lord [O Mohammed] said to the angels: “I am about to create man [: Adam], from black putrid clay.”)

[The four human races]

In addition to that, Adam was not the first human being whom God created on the Earth, but God had created much many human beings before him that were even uncountable.

This is indicated by His saying – be exalted – in the Quran 2: 30

وَإِذْ قَالَ رَبُّكَ لِلْمَلاَئِكَةِ إِنِّي جَاعِلٌ فِي الأَرْضِ خَلِيفَةً قَالُواْ أَتَجْعَلُ فِيهَا مَن يُفْسِدُ فِيهَا وَيَسْفِكُ الدِّمَاء وَنَحْنُ نُسَبِّحُ بِحَمْدِكَ وَنُقَدِّسُ لَكَ قَالَ إِنِّي أَعْلَمُ مَا لاَ تَعْلَمُونَ

I.e. (And remember [Mohammed] when your Lord said to the angels: “I am about to place [Adam as] a successor in the earth” [to succeed the nations that passed before him]"; they said, “Will You place therein some who will do corruption therein and shed blood [as did the past nations corrupt,] while we celebrate Your praise and sanctify You; [don't You content with us as Your servants?]" Said [the Lord], “I know what you know not.”)

A ‘successor’ is one who succeeds or comes after those who were before him,

like His saying – be exalted – in the Quran 10: 14

ثُمَّ جَعَلْنَاكُمْ خَلاَئِفَ فِي الأَرْضِ مِن بَعْدِهِم لِنَنظُرَ كَيْفَ تَعْمَلُونَ

I.e. (Then We have made you successors in the earth after them, to see how you will act [righteousness or corruption.])

Truly, if there were no human beings before Adam, then God wouldn’t call him a successor.

The second indication is that the angels said: (“Will You place therein one who will do evil therein and shed blood ); because the angels do not know the unknown fore-future, then how could they know that Adam’s children would become bad and shed blood, but that they had seen those human beings, before Adam, do such deeds?

Not all of the human beings, present nowadays on Our Earth, are Adam’s descendants, but actually they descended from four persons; one of them was Adam: our father; the second was the father of Negroes; the third was the father of Red Indians; and the fourth was the father of the Chinese.

Those who were in the Ark together with Noah belonged to the four human races, and not all of them were from Adam. This is confirmed by His saying – be highly exalted – in the Quran 11: 48

قِيلَ يَا نُوحُ اهْبِطْ بِسَلاَمٍ مِّنَّا وَبَركَاتٍ عَلَيْكَ وَعَلَى أُمَمٍ مِّمَّن مَّعَكَ

I.e. (It was said [by the angels], ‘O Noah, descend in safety [granted by Us] and blessings from Us on you and [some] nations of those [of the black and yellow races] who are with you [in the Ark.])

The interpretation: The meteorites, which carried life to our Earth, were four and from four broken up planets, so that each one of those meteorites fell down on one part of the Earth, then God – be exalted – created from each meteorite one human race. For this reason, mankind are four races:

(1) The Black Race: Its individuals are identified by their wrinkled hair, black skin, broad and flattened nose, thick lips, bulging eyes and big teeth. They are the inhabitants of Middle and South Africa, Tasmania, Australia and Philippine.

(2) The Mongolian Race: They have black smooth hair, yellowish skin, round face, with bulging cheeks, small nose, deep-seated eyes and medium-sized teeth. They are the inhabitants of the middle and northern Asia, Turkistan, the Eskimo and the Malayan Islands.

(3) The Red Race: They are Red Indians; the original inhabitants of America.

(4) The Caucasian Race: Its individuals are characterized by soft hair or little bit wrinkled: blond or black, white or brown skin, complete beards, non- bulging cheeks, medium-sized nose and small teeth. They are the inhabitants of Europe, Northern Africa, Western and Southern Asia.

Therefore, it is only the Caucasian Race that are Adam’s descendants, while the previous three races: each one of them has, particularly, a specific one father. The Glorious God had created those three races thousands of years before did He create Adam; for this reason Adam became [their] successor; i.e. God – be exalted – created Adam after them.

This is confirmed by His saying – be highly exalted – in the Quran 11: 48; telling the story of Noah:

قِيلَ يَا نُوحُ اهْبِطْ بِسَلاَمٍ مِّنَّا وَبَركَاتٍ عَلَيْكَ وَعَلَى أُمَمٍ مِّمَّن مَّعَكَ وَأُمَمٌ سَنُمَتِّعُهُمْ ثُمَّ يَمَسُّهُم مِّنَّا عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ

I.e. (It was said [by the angels,] ‘O Noah, descend [from the mountain to the plain land] in safety [granted] by Us and blessings [from Us] on you and on [some] nations of those [of the black and yellow races] who are with you [in the Ark.]

But [some other] nations [in other countries of the earth that the deluge did not reach], We shall allow them to enjoy prosperity [with wealth and children in the life of the World] and then there will touch them from Us a painful torment [according to their infidelity and association with God.])

The interpretation:

>> (and [on some] nations of those [of the black and yellow races] who are with you [in the Ark]) means: and on some of the other races who went with you in the Ark; some of them were of the black race, and some of the yellow race.

The Children of Adam married some of the daughters of the Chinese and the daughters of the black race; this is confirmed by His saying – be glorified – in the Quran 25: 54

وَهُوَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ مِنَ الْمَاء بَشَرًا فَجَعَلَهُ نَسَبًا وَصِهْرًا وَكَانَ رَبُّكَ قَدِيرًا

I.e. (And it is He Who created from the [seminal] fluid a human [race], and made for [this human race] relations of lineage and [relations of] marriage; for your Lord can do anything.)

The interpretation:

>> (and made for [this human race] relations of lineage and marriage): the ‘lineage’ are your kindred related to your father; and the ‘relation of marriage’ are your kindred related to your mother.

[This also is the meaning of the word in the Arab poetry, some of which is mentioned by the late Mohammed-Ali Hassan Al-Hilly, the interpreter of the Quran and the Bible, in his Arabic book.]

So the Children of Adam have their lineage from Adam, but they married some of the other races, and mixed with them; some of them married some of the daughters of the Chinese: the yellow race, and became related to them by marriage; and some of them married some of the black race, and become related to them by marriage.

[But all of them are human beings], the most honored among them is the one warding off God’s disobedience most.

God – be exalted – said in the Quran 55: 17

رَبُّ الْمَشْرِقَيْنِ وَرَبُّ الْمَغْرِبَيْنِ

I.e. (Lord of the two [human races, the white and the yellow, in the] East, and the Lord of the two [human races, the black and the red, in the] West.)

Question 34 If mankind are four races, and that not all of them are descendants of Adam; then what is the meaning of His saying – be exalted – in the Quran 4: 1

يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ اتَّقُواْ رَبَّكُمُ الَّذِي خَلَقَكُم مِّن نَّفْسٍ وَاحِدَةٍ وَخَلَقَ مِنْهَا زَوْجَهَا

I.e. (O people, ward off [the disobedience of] your Lord, Who created you from one soul’s [decayed corpse that had become mud],

and out of the [same mud] He created his mate)?

Answer: The preaching – at the start of Mohammed’s mission – was concerning only the tribe of Quraish, but not all the inhabitants of the earth as a whole.

God – be exalted – said in the Quran 26: 214

وَأَنذِرْ عَشِيرَتَكَ الْأَقْرَبِينَ

I.e. (And [O Mohammed] warn [about that] your tribe of near kindred.)

Then God – be exalted – said in the Quran 6: 92

لِتُنذِرَ أُمَّ الْقُرَى وَمَنْ حَوْلَهَا

I.e. (That [you, Mohammed,] may warn [with the Quran, the people of Mecca:] the capital of the cities and those [dwelling] round about her.)

The indication that the speech was with the Meccan people is His saying – be exalted – in the Quran 9: 128

لَقَدْ جَاءكُمْ رَسُولٌ مِّنْ أَنفُسِكُمْ

I.e. (Now there has come, to you [: people of Mecca], an [Arabian] apostle [: Mohammed]: being one of you.)

It means: one of your tribesmen who speaks your language, and dwells with you in your town; then why do you reject his preaching, while – actually – you very well know him as ‘the truthful’ and ‘the honest’?

Therefore, when God – be exalted – addresses the Meccan, He says: “O people!” While when He addresses the inhabitants of Medina, He says: “O believers!”

Afterwards, the addressing concerned all the inhabitants of the Hijaz [in Saudi Arabia], then all the Islamic countries, while nowadays it is a warning to all mankind all over the world.

This is confirmed by His saying – be exalted – in the Quran 17: 70

وَلَقَدْ كَرَّمْنَا بَنِي آدَمَ وَحَمَلْنَاهُمْ فِي الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِ وَرَزَقْنَاهُم مِّنَ الطَّيِّبَاتِ وَفَضَّلْنَاهُمْ عَلَى كَثِيرٍ مِّمَّنْ خَلَقْنَا تَفْضِيلاً

I.e. (We have honored the children of Adam, transported them on land and sea, provided them with ‘[food-stuffs: plant and animal] pure and wholesome’ and preferred them greatly over many of those We created.)

Here, we see that God specified Adam’s descendants by favoring them more than the rest of mankind.

If God – be glorified – had meant the favoring of human beings more than animals, then He would have said: We have honored mankind …etc.

This is like His saying – be exalted – in the Quran 74: 29-30

لَوَّاحَةٌ لِّلْبَشَرِ . عَلَيْهَا تِسْعَةَ عَشَرَ

I.e. (It is [nowadays] looming to mankind. Imposed upon it [the attraction of] nineteen [planets.])

That is because [stars and celestial] objects are seen by all mankind, and not only by Adam’s descendants.

In addition, God – be glorified – said in the Quran 25: 48-49

وَأَنزَلْنَا مِنَ السَّمَاء مَاء طَهُورًا . لِنُحْيِيَ بِهِ بَلْدَةً مَّيْتًا وَنُسْقِيَهُ مِمَّا خَلَقْنَا أَنْعَامًا وَأَنَاسِيَّ كَثِيرًا

I.e. (And We send down, from the sky, [rain] water ‘pure and purifying’. To quicken therewith a dead [barren] land, and to give it for drink to what We have created – the cattle and so many peoples.)

The word أناسِيّ i.e. (many peoples) is the plural of ناس i.e. people; therefore, if it were true that all mankind are Adam’s descendants, then God – be exalted – might say: And to give it for drink to what We have created – the cattle and large number of people.

The Arabic wordإنسي is the singular, which means a mortal or a human being.

God – be exalted – said in the Quran 19: 26, narrating the talking of the Christ with his mother Mary:

فَإِمَّا تَرَيِنَّ مِنَ الْبَشَرِ أَحَدًا فَقُولِي إِنِّي نَذَرْتُ لِلرَّحْمَنِ صَوْمًا فَلَنْ أُكَلِّمَ الْيَوْمَ إِنسِيًّا

I.e. (But should you see any mortal [who may ask you about me], say [to him by signals]: "I have vowed to [God] Most Gracious a fast [of silence from speaking]; I will, therefore, not speak this day to any human being.”)

If God – be celebrated His praise – [meant in the aya] that He preferred all mankind to the rest of His creatures, then He would not make difference between the free man and the slave; in His saying – be exalted – in the Quran 2: 178

يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُواْ كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْقِصَاصُ فِي الْقَتْلَى الْحُرُّ بِالْحُرِّ وَالْعَبْدُ بِالْعَبْدِ وَالأُنثَى بِالأُنثَى

I.e. (Believers, [equitable] retaliation is prescribed for you concerning the slain:

the free-man for the free-man, the slave for the slave, the female for the female …)

Therefore, God – be exalted – made a difference, in punishment, between the free one and the slave.

Question 35 What is meant by His saying – be exalted – in the Quran 2: 260

وَإِذْ قَالَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ رَبِّ أَرِنِي كَيْفَ تُحْيِي الْمَوْتَى قَالَ أَوَلَمْ تُؤْمِن قَالَ بَلَى وَلَكِن لِّيَطْمَئِنَّ قَلْبِي قَالَ فَخُذْ أَرْبَعَةً مِّنَ الطَّيْرِ فَصُرْهُنَّ إِلَيْكَ ثُمَّ اجْعَلْ عَلَى كُلِّ جَبَلٍ مِّنْهُنَّ جُزْءًا ثُمَّ ادْعُهُنَّ يَأْتِينَكَ سَعْيًا وَاعْلَمْ أَنَّ اللّهَ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ

I.e. ([Remember] when Abraham said [to his Lord]: “My Lord, make it obviously clear to me how You give life to the dead.” [God] said: “Haven't you believed yet [that I am All-Able?”] [Abraham] said: “Yes [I have], but [I ask] in order that my heart may be reassured.”

[God – be glorified –] said: "Take four [kinds] of birds [one of every kind of such birds: the poultry that walk on their feet but cannot fly: the chicken, the duck, the guinea fowl and the peacock];

and make them incline to you^{^[9]} [by giving them food and calling them to food], then place a part of them [: one of these four] on each hill [that are round about you], then call them; they will come to you [walking on their feet] in haste;

and know [for certain] that God is All-Mighty [and] Most Wise.”)

Answer:

>> (“My Lord, make it obviously clear to me) means: Let me understand (how You give life to the dead.” [God] said: “Haven't you believed yet [that I am All-Able?”]) means: Haven’t you believed yet ?

>> (Abraham] said: “Yes [I have]) believed, (but [I ask] in order that my heart may be assured”) according to what you will show to me.

>> ([God – be glorified –] said: “Take four [kinds] of birds [one of every kind of such birds: the poultry that walk on their feet but cannot fly: the chicken, the duck, the guinea fowl and the peacock]); of each kind one bird,

>> (and make them incline to you [by giving them food and calling them to the food]); the meaning: make them familiar with you, by giving them food for many days, until they become familiar with you; i.e. team them to turn to you when you call them to the food; so that when you call them, they come to you in haste; i.e. let them return to you when you call them.

The birds, which Abraham took, were of those, [domestic birds], living at home like the hen, the duck, the peacock and the Indian cock or the guinea fowl.

>> (then place a part of them [: one of these four] on each hill [that are round about you])

>> (then call them; they will come to you [walking on their feet] in haste); that is because they have become familiar with eating and drinking after you call them.

This is a parable told by God to Abraham, which means: God – be exalted – says to Abraham:

Souls will not perish, and bodies will not be resurrected or returned to life again, but souls will be gathered and judged, because souls are everlasting, and no defect or disturbance will affect souls; and on the Day of Judgment, the angel Israfel will call them, and they will hear his call, and gather to the caller in haste, just as when you call the birds they come in haste.

This is similar in meaning to His saying – be exalted – in the Quran 17: 52

يَوْمَ يَدْعُوكُمْ فَتَسْتَجِيبُونَ بِحَمْدِهِ وَتَظُنُّونَ إِن لَّبِثْتُمْ إِلاَّ قَلِيلاً

I.e. (On the day when he [: the angel Israfel] will call you [for Judgment and Requital] and you will respond, with His praise, and will think that you tarried [in the World] only for little time.)

God – be glorified – said also in the Quran 30: 25

وَمِنْ آيَاتِهِ أَن تَقُومَ السَّمَاء وَالْأَرْضُ بِأَمْرِهِ ثُمَّ إِذَا دَعَاكُمْ دَعْوَةً مِّنَ الْأَرْضِ إِذَا أَنتُمْ تَخْرُجُونَ

I.e. (And of His signs is this: that the heaven m and the earth carry out [their designed functions] by His command [and wisdom], then when the [angel Israfel] will call you: [O guilty ones], then from the earth you shall come forth.)

Question 36 Why did the Lord specify the birds by this parable, and no other kinds of animals, and why did He specify four of them only?

Answer: God – be exalted – specified the birds which cannot fly like: the hen, the peacock and the rest; because, due to the heaviness of his body, man cannot fly, like the soul, in the space. Just like the hen which cannot fly because of the heaviness of its body. In addition to that, He specified only four of the birds because mankind is four races, so that each kind of the birds resembles one of the human races.

Meteors

Description: Description: Description: Description: http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2001/11/14/ast15nov_1_resources/1966_med.gif

The Leonid meteor shower

(from NASA)

Meteors are of the same kind as meteorites, but they contain much of the inflammable materials like sulfur, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and magnesium. When these objects are stricken by some other objects, or touched by another substance which combines with them, those inflammable materials will burn.

Examples:

(1) When sodium and potassium come in contact with water, they will inflame due to their severe reaction with water.

(2) When magnesium and sulfur are touched by fire or an electric spark in the atmosphere, they will inflame.

(3) When phosphorus comes in contact with the oxygen, it will inflame.

Therefore, meteors have at least one of these elements, so that if the meteor comes in contact with something which that element has an affinity to combine with: like water, fire or oxygen; then it will inflame and fall down to the earth, or it will be smashed and broken up in the space into very tiny pieces before will it reach the ground. The reason for its falling down is that its inflammation makes it a hot object after being cold, and it becomes an attracting object after being an attracted one. Then it will try to pull the Earth, but it cannot because the Earth is a big object while the meteor is very tiny in relation to the Earth, so it will fall down upon it. Meteors are those, which we see at night, burning in the sky and light extends from them like the long rope.

They are mentioned in the Quran 37: 10

إِلَّا مَنْ خَطِفَ الْخَطْفَةَ فَأَتْبَعَهُ شِهَابٌ ثَاقِبٌ

I.e. (Except [such devil] as snatched some snatching^{^[10]} [from the angels in the past, while now they cannot] and was then pursued by a flaming meteor.)

It means: a flaming meteor.

Also, God – be exalted – said in the Quran 72: 8

وَأَنَّا لَمَسْنَا السَّمَاء فَوَجَدْنَاهَا مُلِئَتْ حَرَسًا شَدِيدًا وَشُهُبًا

I.e. ([The genies, who listened to the Quran, said:] 'And [we ascended up in the space until] we touched the [ethereal or spiritual] heaven [with our hands] but found it filled with formidable guards [: angels] and meteors [under that heaven.]')

Frequently, God destroyed and ruined the unbelieving nations by meteors, meteorites and comets in the ancient times, e.g. Lot’s people; they were destroyed by earthquake, then God cleft the earth open with them, so that the upper parts of their buildings became lower, and water flooded their homes. That cleavage then became a lake due to its deep depression, and it became a drainage place for rain water. God – be exalted – destroyed the rest of them by the stones of meteors and meteorites. That lake is still present nowadays, and is called the ‘Lake of Lot’s people’, or the ‘Dead Sea’. It is surrounded by [a large number of] rocks of the meteorites.

God – be exalted – said in the Quran 11: 82

I.e. (And when Our decree issued [concerning the punishment of Lot’s people], We made the high parts [of their houses] their low parts.^{^[11]} And We rained down upon them the packed sedimentary stones, marked [: having marks from their origin by sedimentation], with [the knowledge of] your Lord^{^[12]} [O Mohammed.] And the [stones] are never far [in time] from [the incident of] the transgressors.^{^[13]})

Moreover, God – be highly exalted - said in the Quran 34: 9

إِن نَّشَأْ نَخْسِفْ بِهِمُ الْأَرْضَ أَوْ نُسْقِطْ عَلَيْهِمْ كِسَفًا مِّنَ السَّمَاء إِنَّ فِي ذَلِكَ لَآيَةً لِّكُلِّ عَبْدٍ مُّنِيبٍ

Surely, in that is an indicative sign [of Our might] for every devoted servant that turns to God [in repentance and obedience.])

The ‘fragments’, here, means the meteorites.

God – be exalted – said in the Quran 52: 44

وَإِن يَرَوْا كِسْفًا مِّنَ السَّمَاء سَاقِطًا يَقُولُوا سَحَابٌ مَّرْكُومٌ

I.e. (But had they seen [some heavenly] fragments falling down [upon them, they would not have believed that, and] they would have said: "[It is only some] accumulative cloud.")

Question 37 If the meteors, while burning, fall down to the ground, they should fall in one direction; then why do we see them fall right-side one time, and left-side another time?

Answer: There are rocks floating in the space [i.e. the meteorites] which are cold. Now the meteor is a flaming and hot object; so it tries to pull these rocks, but it cannot because these meteorites have larger sizes and so they attract the meteors; therefore, they deviate one time towards the right, and another time towards the left, according to the position of such rocks. This is because there will be a gravitational pulling or attraction between the cold and the hot objects.

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[2] Mustard-seeds: are seeds, very small in size, black and irritant; its leaves are large like the leaves of the radish or the chard, used with salt and vinegar as a pickle for eating. Its taste is very sharp like that of the garden peppergrass.

[3] i.e. the cold crust that will be formed for the sun at the end of its life, and the blowing will be that of the gases rushing out through a crack in the crust, resembling the horn, in which ancients used to blow.

[4] In Beirut museum, there are fossils of fishes discovered in one of Beirut mountains, which indicates that, in ancient times, that mountain was under the sea surface; those fishes swam above its ground, then when the earth surface contracted, its surface was broken, so that some of its layers rose up and some others were depressed, because of its contraction, so that the high [layers] formed these mountains.

[5] to the town or country where you intend to go.

[7] i.e. He increased its mass by the falling on it of water, dust particles, meteorites and gases.

[8] i.e. firm mountains that settled or landed upon the earth, after being meteorites in the space.

[9] i.e. team them to turn to you when you call them to food.

[10] i.e. so that he overheard some news from the angels, and that was in the past, but nowadays [: at the time of revealing the Quran], he cannot overhear any news from the angels in heaven.

[11] i.e. because of the earthquake, their houses collapsed with them, so they were buried under the wreck.

[12] i.e. God knows well about their place and time.

[13] i.e. the Abyssinians who intended to destroy the Sacred Masjid at Mecca, when God rained upon them pebbles carried by the birds. That incident was not remote in time from the Meccan who remembered it very well.